Vaccine by the immunogenicity of better pathogenic microorganisms, parasites, metabolites, genetically engineered products and other reproductive and processed into an effective prevention of animal infectious diseases of biological products [1] inoculated to the animal body , Stimulate the body to produce specific antibodies, when the body's antibody titer reaches a certain value, you can resist the invasion of the pathogenic microorganisms, infection. To achieve the purpose of prevention of infectious diseases. The correct use of vaccines is an effective measure to prevent zoonotic diseases, but also to ensure the quality of the immune key.

First, the vaccination method

Mainly injection, barbed species, nose, eye, oral, aerosol, etc. [3,4].

1. Injection method

Including subcutaneous injection and intramuscular injection.

1.1 Subcutaneous injection

Generally choose thin, easy to move, but the activities of smaller parts, such as the inner thigh, ears behind.

1.2 intramuscular injection

Livestock generally choose muscle fullness of the neck or buttocks, thin body generally do not hip injection, so as not to accidentally hurt the sciatic nerve. Poultry is generally found in well-developed muscles, such as pectoral or leg muscles. All inactivated vaccines are generally administered by injection. Immune indeed, the effect is good.

2. Spinning method

Is a commonly used method of inoculation of fowlpox vaccine is to use a spike needle or pen tip dipped into a good vaccine to dilute, in the chicken wings without subcutaneous thorns at the method of blood vessels.

Inoculation attention to the problem: This method in the needle when you want to prevent the out with a part of the vaccine, making inoculation dose is insufficient, resulting in immune is not true, sporadic disease.

Features: immune really, the effect is good. Is a commonly used immune method, suitable for some weak vaccine. Such as fowl pox, Marek's disease immunity.

3. Intranasal, eye method

This method produces local immunity, the immune effect is better, only for inoculation of attenuated vaccine, usually infectious bronchitis can take nasal drip, chicken infectious laryngotracheal live vaccine by eye method.

4. Aerosol method

Including spray immunization and aerosol immunization.

This method is essential to the choice of aerosol, aerosol particles emitted particles is too small, the particles are easy to evaporate, and particles will be inhaled alveolar, easily lead to lung disease; aerosol particles is too large, not in the air Suspended particles, the body less inhaled particles, and can not achieve the effect of immunization; particle diameter should be 10 ~ 100um, to 20um best, chickens vaccination failure of the reasons for the size of the particles can be suspended in the air stable , The body can reach the bronchial after inhalation, less irritating to the lung, immune prevention effect is better.

Advantages: Newcastle disease immunization, aerosol immunization effect is better, not only can induce circulating antibodies, but also can produce local immunity.

Disadvantages: aerosol immunization will cause a certain degree of stress response, easily lead to respiratory infections.

5. Oral immunization

Mainly including drinking water and spices.

Advantages: is the most convenient vaccination method for large flocks, saving time and effort, simple and convenient, the response is minimal;

Disadvantages: oral vaccine must be a live vaccine, inactivated vaccine is not suitable for oral; immune effect is poor, not suitable for primary immunization; oral immunization need to increase the amount of the vaccine, generally considered the amount of oral vaccine should be injection of 5 to 10 Times.

Note: before immunization, water 2 to 4 hours, to ensure that when feeding animals to drink as much as possible into the vaccine intake of adequate doses; drink finished, after 1 to 2 hours and then normal water supply; over-acid feed, Of the temperature will affect the immune effect. During the immunization period, the feed quality and water quality should be selected. When drinking water is immune, adding a certain amount of skimmed milk powder will make the immune effect better. When drinking water or spices can be taken orally, the effect of drinking water is better than spices.

Second, vaccination precautions

1. Must check the quality of the vaccine before use, such as color, packaging, validity, batch number, bottle and rubber cover closed is intact, the bottle is cracked, bottle whether foreign body;

2. Read the instructions of the vaccine carefully, different types of vaccines, its performance, usage, dosage, adverse reactions, precautions vary, to read the instructions, a comprehensive understanding of the performance of the vaccine used, usage, vaccination, Bottle-in-the-bottle requirements.

3. Vaccine dilution with the required dilution, dilution according to the provisions of the general bacterial vaccine with aluminum glue or aluminum gel diluted with saline, viral vaccine with a special dilution or saline diluted; prohibited with hot water, warm water or chlorine Such as water disinfectant dilution.

4. Vaccine must be used now, dilute a good vaccine for the shortest time (2 hours) within the vaccination is completed, must be used once. If the immunization time is longer (such as more than 2 hours or half a day), the vaccine liquid must be stored in the refrigerator at 4 ℃ for the time being, such as unconditionally should also be placed ice pack or ice.

5. Injection of immunization equipment must be strictly sterilized, while an animal to do a needle, to prevent cross-infection, is strictly prohibited the use of thick and short needles and flying needle.

6. Two vaccines can not be mixed use, such as the two vaccines at the same time, to separate parts.

7. Immune to drinking water, pay attention to drinking water must not be mixed with disinfectant, while the water can not contain bleach powder can kill or inhibit the vitality of the vaccine toxic chemicals, avoid using metal containers.

8. One week after the injection of bacterial vaccine can not use a variety of antibiotics, viral vaccination after 2 days can not use a variety of antiviral drugs. Because it has inhibitory effect.

9. Note that the use of vaccines, such as fowl pox, laryngeal trachea need to be stabbed or wiping the skin can not be intramuscular injection.

10 sick pigs can not be vaccinated, to be recovered after the supplement.

11. injection of an allergic reaction, it should be immediately with anti-allergic drugs such as epinephrine rescue.

12. Used syringes, vaccine bottles and unused vaccine, do not arbitrarily throwing, subject to high temperature or incineration, deep-buried and other harmless treatment.

13. Make immunization registration, in order to view, record the need to save more than 1 year.